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Friday, May 31, 2013

Lamenting the Allure of Technology

Posted on 4:06 PM by Unknown
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World of Psychology





Lamenting the Allure of Technology



Lamenting the Allure of TechnologyAs you walk and eat and travel, be where you are. Otherwise you will miss most of your life.

~ Buddha


When you sit in a waiting room, you get a glimpse into what other people choose to do as they wait. I was pleasantly surprised when I looked up to see an adolescent male reading a book.


So often the scenario is that one pulls out a smartphone or tablet — children, adolescents, and adults alike. This is not limited to just waiting rooms; I’ve seen it during classroom breaks at college, in restaurants, or simply walking around.


We have seemingly become hardwired to checking our phones. And for some of us, it has become compulsive.



It seems that the transition to constantly checking social networking sites, news apps, game apps, email accounts and text messages has taken place so gradually that most of us have not become aware of it. I myself am guilty of checking almost everything that my phone could possibly offer upon waking up. Most of us do this, and it sets the tone for the entire day.


According to statistics, 58 percent of American cell phone users check their phones at least every hour. I know that some of you might be thinking that isn’t excessive, but isn’t that where the problem lies? We have all been swept away.


Knowledge at our fingertips is unbeatable, useful, and entertaining. But when do we let ourselves just be? Immediate gratification and response from available technology is affecting our attention spans and our ability to be present. With so many sites and search engines leading you from one article or video or picture to the next, it can be hard not to fall down the rabbit hole.


Little information we consume is actually being absorbed. Our minds already jump to the idea of the next source, and we are not allowing our short-term memory to consolidate what we have just processed into our long-term memory storage.


We are beginning to treat the Internet and our avenues of accessing it as an extension of our own brains. Recent studies have shown that people are relying heavily on Internet sources and therefore retaining less information, because they can quickly obtain it whenever necessary.


Our minds are becoming scattered and overwhelmed with information. In an already fast-paced society, we have to work hard at remaining present, relaxed, and aware, when these are things that we should not have to try to do. Trying to relax is a contradictory statement. We should allow ourselves to do so.


The Internet, when used correctly, certainly is a highly useful tool. When reading an article, allow yourself to focus on that article instead of fixating on what you can read after the article, or who you can share/tweet/post that article to. And of course, every now and again, break the surface of the Internet pool to breathe and just be.


 


References


Bloom, A. (2011). How the web affects memory. Harvard Magazine. Retrieved from http://harvardmagazine.com/2011/11/how-the-web-affects-memory


Hughes, R., & Hans, J. D. (2001). Computers, the Internet, and Families: A Review of the Role New Technology Plays in Family Life. Journal of Family Issues, 22(6), 776-790.





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How the DSM-5 Got Grief, Bereavement Right

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World of Psychology





How the DSM-5 Got Grief, Bereavement Right



How the DSM-5 Got Grief, Bereavement RightOne of the charges leveled against psychiatry’s diagnostic categories is that they are often “politically motivated.” If that were true, the framers of the DSM-5 probably would have retained the so-called “bereavement exclusion” — a DSM-IV rule that instructed clinicians not to diagnose major depressive disorder (MDD) after the recent death of a loved one (bereavement) — even when the patient met the usual MDD criteria. An exception could be made only in certain cases; for example, if the patient were psychotic, suicidal, or severely impaired.


And yet, in the face of fierce criticism from many groups and organizations, the DSM-5 mood disorder experts stuck to the best available science and eliminated this exclusion rule.


The main reason is straightforward: most studies in the past 30 years have shown that depressive syndromes in the context of bereavement aren’t fundamentally different from depressive syndromes after other major losses — or from depression appearing “out of the blue.” (see Zisook et al, 2012, below). At the same time, the DSM-5 takes pains to parse the substantial differences between ordinary grief and major depressive disorder.


Unfortunately, the DSM-5’s decision continues to be misrepresented in the popular media.



Consider, for example, this statement in a recent (5/15/13) Reuters press release:


“Now [with DSM-5], if a father grieves for a murdered child for more than a couple of weeks, he is mentally ill.”


This statement is patently false and misleading. There is nothing in the elimination of the bereavement exclusion that would label bereaved persons “mentally ill” simply because they are “grieving” for their lost loved ones. Nor does the DSM-5 place any arbitrary time limit on ordinary grief, in the context of bereavement — another issue widely misrepresented in the general media, and even by some clinicians.


By removing the bereavement exclusion, the DSM-5 says this: a person who meets the full symptom, severity, duration and impairment criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) will no longer be denied that diagnosis, solely because the person recently lost a loved one. Importantly, the death may or may not be the main, underlying cause of the person’s depression. There are, for example, many medical causes for depression that may happen to coincide with a recent death.


True: the two-week minimum duration for diagnosing MDD has been carried over from DSM-IV to DSM-5, and this remains problematic. My colleagues and I would have preferred a longer minimum period — say, three to four weeks — for diagnosing milder cases of depression, regardless of the presumed cause or “trigger.” Two weeks is sometimes not enough to permit a confident diagnosis, but this is true whether depression occurs after the death of a loved one; after the loss of house and home; after a divorce — or when depression appears “out of the blue.” Why single out bereavement? Retaining the bereavement exclusion would not have solved the DSM-5’s “two-week problem.”


And yet, nothing in the DSM-5 will compel psychiatrists or other clinicians to diagnose MDD after just two weeks of post-bereavement depressive symptoms. (Practically speaking, it would be rare for a bereaved person to seek professional help only two weeks after the death, unless suicidal ideation, psychosis, or extreme impairment was present — in which case, the bereavement exclusion would not have applied anyway).


Clinical judgment may warrant deferring the diagnosis for a few weeks, in order to see whether the bereaved patient “bounces back” or worsens. Some patients will improve spontaneously, while others will need only a brief period of supportive counseling — not medication. And, contrary to the claims of some critics, receiving the diagnosis of major depression will not prevent bereaved patients from enjoying the love and support of family, friends, or clergy.


Most people grieving the death of a loved one do not develop a major depressive episode. Nevertheless, DSM-5 makes it clear that grief and major depression may exist “side by side.” Indeed, the death of a loved one is a common “trigger” for a major depressive episode — even as the bereaved person continues to grieve.


The DSM-5 provides the clinician with some important guidelines that help distinguish ordinary grief — which is usually healthy and adaptive — from major depression. For example, the new manual notes that bereaved persons with normal grief often experience a mixture of sadness and more pleasant emotions, as they remember the deceased. Their very understandable anguish and pain are usually experienced in “waves” or “pangs,” rather than continuously, as is usually the case in major depression.


The normally grieving person typically maintains the hope that things will get better. In contrast, the clinically depressed person’s mood is almost uniformly one of gloom, despair, and hopelessness — nearly all day, nearly every day. And, unlike the typical bereaved person, the individual with major depression is usually quite impaired in terms of daily functioning.


Furthermore, in ordinary grief, the person’s self-esteem usually remains intact. In major depression, feelings of worthlessness and self-loathing are very common. In ambiguous cases, a patient’s history of previous depressive bouts, or a strong family history of mood disorders, may help clinch the diagnosis.


Finally, the DSM-5 acknowledges that the diagnosis of major depression requires the exercise of sound clinical judgment, based on the individual’s history and “cultural norms” — thus recognizing that different cultures and religions express grief in different ways and to varying degrees.


The monk Thomas a Kempis wisely noted that human beings must sometimes endure “proper sorrows of the soul,” which do not belong in the realm of disease. Neither do these sorrows require “treatment” or medication. However, the DSM-5 rightly recognizes that grief does not immunize the bereaved person against the ravages of major depression—a potentially lethal yet highly treatable disorder.


Acknowledgment: Thanks to my colleague, Dr. Sidney Zisook, for helpful comments on this piece.


Further Reading


Pies R. Bereavement does not immunize the grieving person against major depression.


Zisook S, Corruble E, Duan N, et al: The bereavement exclusion and DSM-5. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29:425-443.


Pies R. The Two Worlds of Grief and Depression.


Pies R. The anatomy of sorrow: a spiritual, phenomenological, and neurological perspective. Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 2008; 3: 17. Accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2442112/


Begley S. Psychiatrists unveil their long-awaited diagnostic ‘bible’





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PTSD Hinders Sleep after Heart Attack, Increases Risk

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Psych Central News





PTSD Hinders Sleep after Heart Attack, Increases Risk



PTSD Hinders Sleep after Heart Attack, Increases Risk New research suggests the development of post-traumatic stress disorder after a heart attack may explain why sleep is often impaired in some survivors.


Recent data from Columbia University Medical Center researchers have shown that symptoms of PTSD after a heart attack are relatively common.


Prior research found that one in eight heart attack survivors suffer PTSD and that survivors with PTSD have a doubled risk of having another cardiac event or of dying within one to three years, compared with survivors without PTSD.


A new study reviews the association of PTSD and sleep in nearly 200 patients who had experienced a heart attack within the previous month.


The study, published in the current issue of Annals of Behavioral Medicine, found that PTSD following a heart attack is associated with poor sleep.


Jonathan A. Shaffer, Ph.D., and colleagues at Columbia’s Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health discovered that the more heart attack-induced PTSD symptoms patients reported, the worse their overall self-reported sleep was in the month following their heart attack.


Greater PTSD symptoms following a heart attack were associated with worse sleep quality, shorter sleep duration, more sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medications, and daytime dysfunction due to poor sleep the night before.


The data also showed that people with poor sleep following a heart attack were more likely to be female and to have higher body mass index and more symptoms of depression; they were less likely to be Hispanic.


Shaffer and colleagues hypothesize that the strong association between heart attack-induced PTSD and sleep may be due to the fact that disturbed sleep is a standard characteristic of PTSD. Results of recent treatment studies for PTSD and sleep disturbance suggest that the two conditions should be viewed as occurring together, rather than one being merely a symptom of the other.


In addition, dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system (the part of the nervous system responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestive processes), which is associated with both PTSD and disrupted sleep, may represent a common mechanism underlying their association.


Study authors say that further research is needed to better understand the associations of PTSD due to heart attack, poor sleep and risk for future heart attacks.


Source: Columbia University Medical Center





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Distorted Body Image In Anorexia Can Affect Movement

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Psych Central News





Distorted Body Image In Anorexia Can Affect Movement



Distorted Body Image In Anorexia Can Affect MovementA new study finds that even the unconscious actions of people suffering from anorexia nervosa are influenced by their disturbed perception of body image.


Researchers found that anorexics believe their bodies are larger than what they really are and this disturbed body representation affects their movements.


The research, by Anouk Keizer and colleagues from Utrecht University in the Netherlands, is published in the open access journal PLOS ONE.


In the current study, researchers examined how these disturbances may extend to unconscious, action-related representations of the body by asking anorexic and healthy participants to walk through a door and observing when they began to rotate their shoulders to squeeze through.


While healthy participants started to turn when a doorway was about 25 percent wider, anorexic participants began to do so even when the opening was 40 percent wider than their shoulders.


Based on these observations, the authors conclude that anorexic patients’ disturbed representations of their body size are more pervasive than previously thought, affecting both conscious and unconscious actions.


Researchers said, “It appears that for anorexia nervosa patients, experiencing their body as fat goes beyond thinking and perceiving themselves in such a way, it is even reflected in how they move around in the world.”


Said Keizer, “This is why we believe that current therapeutic interventions should not only focus on changing how patients think about their body and how they look at it, but also target the body in action, in other words, treatment should aim to improve the experience of body size as a whole.”


Source: Public Library of Science


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Stress of Poverty May Influence Health Among Resilient Kids



Stress of Poverty May Influence Health Among Resilient KidsPoor children who appear to be succeeding socially may experience stress-related physical illness later in life.


University of Georgia researchers found that students who are able to overcome the stress of growing up poor are labeled “resilient” because of their ability to overcome adversity, but this resiliency often has health costs that last well into adulthood.


“Exposure to stress over time gets under the skin of children and adolescents, which makes them more vulnerable to disease later in life,” said Gene Brody, Ph.D., founder and director of the UGA Center for Family Research.


Investigators reviewed a sample of 489 African-American youths from working poor families in south Georgia, and evaluated the overall poverty-related risks experienced by children annually at ages 11 to 13 as well as teacher-reported competence.


Allostatic load, a measure of wear and tear on the body, was taken for each child at age 19. Allostatic load is a measure of stress hormones, blood pressure and body mass index.


The results, published in the journal Psychological Science, found kids 11 to 13 who experienced high levels of stress and whose teachers evaluated them as performing well emotionally, academically and socially had a high allostatic load at age 19.


“The children who are doing good at school, playing well with friends, have high self-esteem and don’t have behavior problems are often thought of as beating the odds or being resilient in the face of adversity,” said Brody.


“We hypothesized maybe at one level they are resilient, but looking at their biology and asking what is the cost, we find a physiologic toll to attaining behavior resilience.”


Researchers know that the body adapts to stressful situations through the activation of neural mechanisms, including the release of stress hormones cortisol and epinephrine, which have both protective and damaging effects on the body.


They say that in the short term, these hormones are important for adapting to stress, particularly stress associated with financial hardship.


When used frequently over time, stress hormones can compromise immune system functions and other bodily systems, potentially speeding up disease processes-meaning that they can end up with chronic diseases at a much younger age.


“We used to assume that cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer just happen to people as they get older,” Brody said.


“But, we see the success-oriented, highly active coping style these youth employed in the presence of high risk is associated with cumulative wear and tear on their bodies that increases the risk for these young adults for the chronic diseases of aging.”


The findings support the suggestion that poor health and health disparities during adulthood are tied to earlier experiences.


Youths who don’t cope as well, have low self-esteem and struggle in school and with friends show elevated levels of stress hormones, blood pressure and body mass index, or BMI, as well.


About 10 percent of the population surveyed in Brody’s research fell into this category. These health markers are risk factors for early onset diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, hypertension and cancer.


“For kids who are doing well and have outwardly beaten the odds, it is very important for them to be monitored and have yearly checkups so that if they have elevations in these risk factors they can be attended to,” he said.


Source: University of Georgia


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Abnormal Sleep May Add to Emotional Problems in ADHD Kids

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Psych Central News





Abnormal Sleep May Add to Emotional Problems in ADHD Kids



Abnormal Sleep May Add to Emotional Problems in ADHD KidsNew research suggests that abnormal sleep may aggravate emotional problems experienced in the daytime by children with ADHD.


German researcher Alexander Prehn-Kristensen, Ph.D., and colleagues from University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein posit that while sleep consolidates emotional memories in healthy children, it does not do so in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).


The study, published in the journal PLOS ONE, suggests these deficits in sleep-related emotional processing may exacerbate emotional problems experienced in the daytime by children with ADHD.


For the study, healthy adults, healthy children and children with ADHD were shown pictures that had emotional relevance, such as a scary animal, or neutral pictures showing an umbrella or lamp.


Participants were shown pictures in the evening, their brain activity was monitored as they slept, and recollections were tested the following morning.


The researchers found that during sleep, regions of the brain thought to support consolidation of emotional memories were most active in healthy children, less so in healthy adults and least active in children with ADHD.


The study states, “While several studies reported a benefit from sleep with respect to emotional memory in healthy individuals, our results showed for the first time that healthy children outperform healthy adults.”


However, the authors add that this may be, in part, attributable to the child-oriented pictures used as stimuli.


Their results support the idea that frontal brain activity is critically to the consolidation of emotional memory in sleep, and this brain region is also implicated in the emotional symptoms seen in children suffering from ADHD.


Researchers said additional studies are needed to confirm whether this function of sleep in forming emotional memories develops with time in adults with ADHD, or whether the dysfunction persists in ADHD sufferers of all ages.


Source: Public Library of Science





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Best of Our Blogs: May 31, 2013

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World of Psychology





Best of Our Blogs: May 31, 2013



I caught an episode of Super Soul Sunday the other night and was impressed by what I saw. Oprah interviewed a panel of spiritual leaders including Reverend Ed Bacon, and authors Elizabeth Lesser and Mark Nepo on a variety of topics. But their discussion on prescription medication really hit home.


Oprah asked about their thoughts on the rise of medication use in our country. It wasn’t their debate on whether prescriptions were used or abused that was revolutionary, but their differentiation between the two. Nepo and Bacon both confessed to personally seeing the benefits of prescription medication and had compassion for those who need it. Lesser explained her own beliefs that some abuse medication as a way to defer or avoid difficult feelings. What’s great was how they defined the necessity in prescription use, which I think could be applied to anything you’re currently doing in your life.


Does what you’re doing help you enter or escape life? In other words, is prescription medication/exercise/shopping/food, etc. allowing you to be fully engaged in life or are you using it to prevent difficult feelings and consequently avoid your life? It’s an important question to ask yourself this week. These top posts will help to facilitate the discussion and may bring you closer to being more aware of what you’re doing (using marijuana/self-injury/being judgmental) or not doing (changing unhealthy habits) to yourself.


{Flickr photo by epSos.de}



DSM-5 adds marijuana withdrawal: I thought pot was non-addictive

(Depression On My Mind) – Can you really experience withdrawal symptoms from non-addictive marijuana? According to the DSM-5 and this post, marijuana withdrawal is very real. You’ll find a list of symptoms here.


Overcoming Judgmental Attitudes: 4 Truths About Judging

(Caregivers, Family & Friends) – Feel judged? It’s not you, it’s them. Read why judging others says more about that judgmental person than it does about the person being judged.


Breaking Bad Habits: Interview with Dan Goleman and Tara Bennett-Goleman

(Mindfulness & Psychotherapy) – Need help changing an unhealthy habit? Two authors give insightful advice on how to finally break that bad habit and offer tips on being more positive.


Caregiving & Coping with Disturbing Behavior: Non-Suicidal Self-Injury

(Partners in Wellness) – It’s not easy dealing with a loved one’s mental illness especially when self-injury is involved. How do you cope with understandable reactions of helplessness, despair and fear? This blogger bravely shares her personal story on the topic here.


The DSM-5 Battles

(Therapy Soup) – Controversy surrounds the latest DSM-5. Two psychiatrists go head to head with the American Psychiatric Association (APA) on whether the new manual will lead to an increase in over-diagnosis.





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Thursday, May 30, 2013

3 Simple Ways to Improve Nonverbal Communication

Posted on 5:22 PM by Unknown
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World of Psychology





3 Simple Ways to Improve Nonverbal Communication



3 Simple Ways to Improve Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal communication is just as important — if not more important — than verbal communication. Sometimes we focus so much on what we are saying or what’s being said, we don’t think of the nonverbal ways we are communicating.


There are common types of nonverbal communication, including body movement, voice quality, space and territory. Interestingly enough, people tend to focus more on negative nonverbal communication than what is actually being said.


With that being said, we should make sure we are displaying positive nonverbal communication when we can. Here are three simple ways you can improve your nonverbal communication.



1. Body movements include using gestures to illustrate the message you are trying to convey verbally.


For example, you don’t want to send mixed messages by mismatched expressions. I once engaged in a conversation with a client where she verbally expressed remorse and sincerity in her tone for hurting someone, but she smiled the entire conversation.


Avoiding eye contact also is viewed as a poor nonverbal gesture. It can be interpreted as disinterest or dishonesty. Bad posture or slouching while someone is talking can be viewed as disinterest or that the speaker’s words are not important. Pointing fingers often is perceived as an aggressive, threatening behavior. Fidgeting may give off signals of nervous energy and a lack of confidence.


What I like to call the “bobblehead syndrome,” in which the listener continuously nods, could be viewed as rushing the speaker and an overall disinterest. After all, if you are nodding to everything, are you really just that much in agreement with everything? Shifting eyes may be a sign of uncertainty or lack of honest.


2. Voice quality also is important.


We should strive to remember that it’s not always what we say, but how we say it. In a working environment I can tell my supervisor, “I feel that you are not being helpful” and it can be taken several different ways. Again, it’s not what is being said, but how it is said. Be careful of your tone when you speak. It has the power to take a simple sentence meant with no ill intent and turn it into a chaotic mess.


We also want to consider the volume at which we speak. Take note if you are raising your voice in anger or frustration. A raised voice can be perceived not only as disrespectful, but also a threat even if we mean nothing by it.


3. Space and territorial boundaries are especially important in nonverbal communication.


In order to communicate effectively, we have to be aware of our space as well as the space of others. I can recall engaging in a conversation with a co-worker who had no concept of this idea. Communicating with her looked like a scene from a “Saturday Night Live” sketch. We would literally start in one area of the room and as she moved closer, I moved farther away. This would go on until eventually I was up against a wall with nowhere to go.


I finally had to inform her that her lack of respect for personal space was bothersome. I realized I often missed a lot of what she was verbally trying to convey because my goal was to get her out of my personal space. Once this issue was addressed, we were able to communicate more effectively. Be aware of how others feel about their space. It is also equally important to be culturally competent and to know what is accepted in different cultures.


When we are able to improve our nonverbal communication, it enhances our verbal communication. It allows us to communicate more effectively whether we are the speaker or the listener and creates a better way of communicating for all.





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Introducing Inside Out: Clean Out the Closet of your Unconscious

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World of Psychology





Introducing Inside Out: Clean Out the Closet of your Unconscious



Introducing Inside Out: Clean Out the Closet of your UnconsciousSometimes our relationships with others just don’t work out. In some cases, we understand what went wrong, and how the relationship fell apart. We might even know who to blame.


But other times, we don’t seem to have any idea whatsoever why a relationship has ended, or what led it to derail. There may, in fact, be unconscious motivations or other things outside of our immediate awareness that led to the relationship’s demise.


So what do you do when this happens? How can you explore your unconscious motivations if they are… well, unconscious?



That’s why I’m pleased to introduce you to our new blog, Inside Out: Clean Out the Closet of your Unconsciouswith Dr. Jennifer Kromberg. This blog will, among other things, explore how the unconscious influences — and even drive — relationships.


Here’s what Dr. Kromberg has to say about her hopes for the new blog:


Most of my ideas come from my clinical work with young women’s relationship and body image challenges, but I hope to enrich these anecdotes with research and theory. For example, I so often work with patients who struggle with the idea that because someone else in a room is beautiful or funny or successful, they feel less so. But I’d like to include in the discussion of this kind of topic examples from the history of social comparison theory as well as current research.


Likewise I can imagine timely posts titled “5 Ways to Spring Clean your Unconscious” and “10 Ways Your Father Influences Your Current Relationship.” But I hope to bring to these light-sounding lists real scientific and theoretical meat.


That’s exactly what Psych Central is about — pulling in relevant research and clinical examples to help illustrate why we might do the things we do.


Dr. Kromberg has over 10 years experience working with the treatment of eating disorders. She has private offices in Beverly Hills and Torrance, where she specializes in working with family members of those struggling with eating disorders. You can learn more about her here.


Please give a warm Psych Central welcome to Dr. Kromberg over at her new blog today.





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Myth Busting: Are Violence & Mental Illness Significantly Related?

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World of Psychology





Myth Busting: Are Violence & Mental Illness Significantly Related?



Myth Busting: Are Violence & Mental Illness Significantly Related?It’s time we put this myth to rest — violence and mental illness share about as much in common as violence and people who happen to be men. The key factor that determines whether someone with mental illness is at greater risk for serious violence in society is substance abuse.


Although we seek to find answers as to why people commit random acts of horrible violence, we should not focus on extraneous variables in a person, just because they’re convenient. Mental illness — by itself — is not the cause of violence in an individual.


And here’s the research to prove it.



Swanson and colleagues’ (1990) research over twenty years ago opened the door to this myth, finding that there was a link between mental illness and violence. However, I showed back in 2007 that a followup study led by the same researcher (Swanson et al., 2006) wasn’t as robust as researchers claimed.


One of the researchers on that study — Van Dorn — more recently claimed, “most researchers have concurred that a modest but statistically significant relationship exists between violence and SMI.”1 However, this is quickly followed by a footnote, noting: “Data from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment study showed that patients without alcohol or drug symptoms, as assessed by the MAST and DAST, were not significantly more violent than comparison group subjects without alcohol or drug symptoms.”


In fact, I’d argue “most” researchers do not believe such a relationship exists without the presence of a co-occurring substance abuse disorder, as Lurigio & Harris (2009) note in their evidence-based review on this issue.


Back in 2009, another important study on mental illness and violence was conducted by Elbogen & Johnson (2009). This work found that serious mental illness was statistically unrelated to community violence unless comorbid substance abuse or dependence was involved based upon a very large community dataset called NESARC. NESARC is a robust, two-wave survey that was conducted face-to-face with adults in the U.S. Wave 1 interviewed 43,093 people in 2001, and Wave 2 interviewed 34,653 people as a followup from the first wave. This is generally considered a gold-standard dataset that is representative of the U.S. population at the time.


Some researchers believe the relationship between mental illness, substance abuse, and violent behavior is more complicated than what Elbogen & Johnson found — but that “serious mental illness” is definitely a risk factor.2


So what do you do when someone’s research findings conflict with your existing beliefs? You reanalyze the data. Three of those researchers are Van Dorn, Volavka & Johnson (2012) . They reanalyzed the same dataset using a different set of research assumptions and analysis procedures. Some might call this a fishing expedition.


Can you guess what this research found?


Unsurprisingly, it again dredged up a link between serious mental illness — even without substance abuse — and violence.


But here’s what the researchers also found as a predictive risk factor for serious violence:



  • Growing up in a unstable, antisocial household


  • Parental history of physical abuse
  • Parental history of neglect
  • Parental history of both physical abuse and neglect
  • Binge drinking
  • Stressful life events
  • Being male

Huh. How come none of these factors get much media attention?


In fact, Figure 2, entitled “Predicted probability of any violence between Waves 1 and 2 as a function of mental disorder, substance use disorder, and history of childhood events” is probably the most telling and relevant to this discussion:



SMI = serious mental illness, SU = substance use, MI = mental illness


See an interesting pattern there? It’s not mental illness that’s a good predictor of violence — it’s childhood abuse. Childhood abuse more than doubles your risk of violence alone. And while it shows that mental illness and substance abuse both increase this risk substantially on their own, the real multiplier is when you combine these two.3


Look at the blue bars for “SMI only” and “Other MI only.” They are equivalent to a person who has no mental illness but has suffered from child abuse or neglect.


Whether intended or not, what the researchers have clearly shown — once again — is that it’s not mental illness alone that contributes to a greater risk of violence. It is when mental illness is combined with substance abuse that matters. And as their data also show, it’s one more factor too: childhood abuse or neglect.


When you put those three factors together, you have a clinically significant risk for violence.


When you look at just one factor alone, it’s unlikely that risk of violence is of much clinical validity (although the data may show some statistical significance, as it does for being a man or binge drinking).


Conclusions


The upshot from this most recent research confirms what I’ve been harping on now for the past decade — the relationship between mental illness and violence is not a direct one. It is a complex one that is primarily mediated by substance use and abuse. Take away the substance abuse and you have a weak relationship that is likely no more predictive than the person’s age.


The latest research also demonstrates a number of risk factors we don’t look at often enough — a turbulent childhood household, and childhood abuse and/or neglect. Stressful life events and binge drinking also contribute to risk.


It is this profile — not a single characteristic — that suggests an increased risk factor for violence. And unless we are careful to consider the whole picture, policy makers risk scapegoating a significant group of people. As we will continue to reaffirm, people with mental illness are more likely to be the victims of violence, not the perpetrators of it.


 


References


Elbogen EB & Johnson SC. (2009) The intricate link between violence and mental disorder: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 66, 152–161. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.537


Lurigio, AJ & Harris, AJ. (2009). Mental illness, violence, and risk assessment: An evidence-based review. Victims & Offenders, 4, 341-347.


Swanson JW, Holzer CE, Ganju VK, Jono RT. (1990) Violence and psychiatric disorder in the community: evidence from the epidemiologic catchment area surveys. Hosp Community Psychiatr, 41, 761–770.


Swanson, J.W.; Swartz, M.S.; Van Dorn, R.A.; Elbogen, E.B; Wagner, H.R.; Rosenheck, R.A.; Stroup, T.S.; McEvoy, J.P. & Lieberman, J.A. (2006). A National Study of Violent Behavior in Persons With Schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 63, 490-499.


Van Dorn, R., Volavka, J., & Johnson, N. (2012). Mental disorder and violence: Is there a relationship beyond substance use? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47, 487-503.


 


Related Articles


No Significant Relationship Between Violent Crime and Mental Illness


Violence and Mental Illness: Simplifying Complex Data Relationships


Mentally Ill Unfairly Portrayed as Violent


 


Footnotes:
  1. I would say it’s a bit ingenuous for a researcher to speak on behalf of all researchers.
  2. These researchers define “serious mental illness” as only being schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or clinical depression. It’s an arbitrary definition, as anyone with a panic disorder, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, or a myriad of other disorders would argue.
  3. This graph, and the researchers’ findings in general, also demonstrate how this arbitrary distinction between “serious mental illness” and other mental illness is of little validity.




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Suppression of Incriminating Memories Can Beat Lie-Detector Tests

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Psych Central News





Suppression of Incriminating Memories Can Beat Lie-Detector Tests



Suppression of Incriminating Memories Can Beat Lie-Detector TestsAn international team of psychologists has shown that some people can suppress incriminating memories and avoid detection by brain activity measured by guilt detection tests.


Law enforcement agencies use the tests, which are based on the idea that criminals will have stored specific memories of their crime.


Once presented with reminders of their crime in a guilt detection test, it is assumed that the criminal’s brain will automatically and uncontrollably recognize these details, with the test recording the brain’s “guilty” response.


In the new research, psychologists at the universities of Kent, Magdeburg and Cambridge, and the Medical Research Council, proved that some people can intentionally and voluntarily suppress unwanted memories.


This ability to control brain activity, thereby suppress or even abolishes brain activity related to remembering.


Researchers conducted a series of experiments in which people who conducted a mock crime were later tested on their crime recognition while having their electrical brain activity measured.


Investigators found that when asked to suppress their crime memories, a significant proportion of people managed to reduce their brain’s recognition response and appear innocent.


Experts say that this finding has major implications for brain activity guilt detection tests. We now understand that those using memory detection tests should not assume that brain activity is outside voluntary control.


Furthermore, any conclusions drawn on the basis of these tests need to acknowledge that it might be possible for suspects to intentionally suppress their memories of a crime and evade detection.


Zara Bergstrom, Ph.D., principal investigator on the research, said: “Brain activity guilt detection tests are promoted as accurate and reliable measures for establishing criminal culpability.


“Our research has shown that this assumption is not always justified. Using these types of tests to say that someone is innocent of a crime is not valid because it could just be the case that the suspect has managed to hide their crime memories.”


However, not everyone can beat the test, and more research is necessary to determine test validity.


Michael Anderson, Ph.D., a senior scientist at Cambridge, said his group is presently trying to understand such individual differences with brain imaging.


Jon Simons, Ph.D., of Cambridge, added: “Our findings would suggest that the use of most brain activity guilt detection tests in legal settings could be of limited value.


“Of course, there could be situations where it is impossible to beat a memory detection test, and we are not saying that all tests are flawed, just that the tests are not necessarily as good as some people claim. More research is also needed to understand whether the results of this research work in real-life crime detection.”


Source: University of Cambridge


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Career Advancement Tied to Work Passion



Career Advancement Tied to Work Passion Emerging research suggests the way to get ahead in a competitive workplace is to really believe in what you do.


The new Brigham Young University business study revealed that employees who are “true believers” in the mission of their organization are more likely to increase in status and influence than non-believers.


“Many organizations today have a well-defined mission with enduring principles that matter, not only to employees, but to other stakeholders,” said John Bingham, Ph.D., BYU professor of organizational leadership and strategy.


“It’s a shift from the old paradigm. In these companies, it’s less about who you know.”


Patagonia, Whole Foods Market, The Body Shop and Intel are a few well-known mission-based companies that may fit the mold.


The study found those who exhibit a strong belief in a brand’s mission or cause become more influential in important company circles, while those simply focused on punching the clock become more peripheral players – regardless of formal company position or overall performance.


For the study, which appears online in management journal Organization Science, Bingham and his colleagues surveyed employees at organizations with mission-based cultures.


One of those organizations was an outdoor footwear manufacturer founded on principles of environmental sustainability that engages in several green policies, such as subsidizing employees who ride bikes to work and buying electricity generated by wind power.


“Those who were true believers in this company’s cause were considered idea leaders and influenced how other employees viewed their work,” Bingham said. “If the mission is a legitimate part of an organization’s identity, that tends to be the case.”


Past research looking at status in a company has focused on the personal traits of individuals – height, gender, race – and structural factors, such as the formal positions one occupies.


Bingham believe that while those factors are influential in many companies, a new workforce includes individuals who are passionate about causes and are looking for employers that both “do good and do well.”


He and his colleagues are now testing how much of a pay cut executives at top public companies are willing to take to work for a socially responsible firm.


“Having a mission-based organization has great potential to recruit and retain talent,” Bingham said. “But it has to be legitimate. If top management doesn’t believe it or is simply using it as a ploy, it doesn’t work.”


Source: Brigham Young University


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Mind-Body Techniques Reduce PTSD in Nurses

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Mind-Body Techniques Reduce PTSD in Nurses



Mind-Body Techniques Reduce PTSD in NursesIt is not just soldiers who are exposed to trauma that may lead to post traumatic stress disorder.


A promising new study on approximately 30 nurses showed that a form of meditation and stretching can help relieve symptoms of PTSD and normalize stress hormone levels.


PTSD is common in the nursing profession as nurses are repeatedly exposed to extreme stressors in the course of their everyday clinical work.


Experts believe more than 7 million adults nationwide are diagnosed with PTSD in a typical year. The disorder, triggered by a traumatic event, can cause flashbacks, anxiety and other symptoms.


Researchers found that practicing a form of meditation and stretching can help relieve symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and normalize stress hormone levels.


The study has been accepted for publication in The Endocrine Society’s Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (JCEM).


PTSD patients have high levels of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and unusually low levels of cortisol – two hormones used to regulate the body’s response to stress.


Although levels of the stress hormone cortisol typically rise in response to pressure, PTSD patients have abnormally low levels of cortisol and benefit when these levels increase.


The study found cortisol levels responded favorably in subjects who participated in mind-body exercises for an eight week-period.


“Mind-body exercise offers a low-cost approach that could be used as a complement to traditional psychotherapy or drug treatments,” said the study’s lead author, Sang H. Kim, Ph.D.


“These self-directed practices give PTSD patients control over their own treatment and have few side effects.”


Researchers used a randomized controlled clinical trial to study the impact of mind-body practices in nurses. Twenty-eight nurses from the University of New Mexico Hospital, including 22 experiencing PTSD symptoms, were divided into two groups.


One group took 60-minute mind-body sessions where participants performed stretching, balancing and deep breathing exercises while focusing on awareness of their body’s movements, sensations and surroundings – a form of meditation called mindfulness.


The control group did not participate in the twice-weekly class.


The predominantly female participants underwent blood tests to measure their stress hormone levels and completed the government’s PTSD checklist for civilians.


Among those who were enrolled in the mind-body course, cortisol levels in the blood rose 67 percent and PTSD checklist scores decreased by 41 percent, indicating the individuals were displaying fewer PTSD symptoms.


In comparison, the control group had a nearly 4 percent decline in checklist scores and a 17 percent increase in blood cortisol levels during the same period.


“Participants in the mind-body intervention reported that not only did the mind-body exercises reduce the impact of stress on their daily lives, but they also slept better, felt calmer and were motivated to resume hobbies and other enjoyable activities they had dropped,” Kim said.


“This is a promising PTSD intervention worthy of further study to determine its long-term effects.”


Source: The Endocrine Society


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Food Addiction Linked to History of Childhood Abuse

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Psych Central News





Food Addiction Linked to History of Childhood Abuse



Food Addiction Linked to History of Childhood Abuse New research suggests that a history of physical or sexual abuse during childhood increases the chance of food addictions in adult women.


Expert say the study, published in the journal Obesity, provides valuable new information regarding potential causes and treatments for food addiction and obesity.


National surveys indicate that more than one-third of American women experienced some form of physical or sexual abuse before reaching 18 years of age.


Also, research shows that such childhood abuse has consequences not only for women’s mental health, but also for their physical health.


Importantly, many studies have found a link between childhood abuse and later obesity – perhaps because stress may cause one to overeat high-sugar and high-fat “comfort” foods in an uncontrolled manner.


In the study, Susan Mason, Ph.D., and her colleagues looked for a link between childhood abuse and addiction-like eating behaviors in women.


The researchers studied 57,321 adult participants in the Nurses’ Health Study II, which ascertained physical and sexual child abuse histories in 2001 and current food addiction in 2009. (Food addiction was defined as three or more addiction-like eating behaviors severe enough to cause significant distress or loss of function.)


Investigators discovered that addiction-like eating behaviors were relatively common among women in the study, with eight percent meeting the criteria for food addiction.


Women who had experienced physical or sexual abuse before the age of 18 years were almost twice as likely to have a food addiction in middle adulthood compared with women without a history of childhood abuse.


The likelihood of food addiction was increased even further for women who had experienced both physical and sexual abuse in childhood.


The food addiction prevalence varied from six percent among women without a history of physical or sexual abuse to 16 percent among women with a history of both severe physical and sexual abuse. Also, women with a food addiction were generally heavier than women without a food addiction.


Mason and her co-authors caution that the study’s findings are exploratory and will need to be replicated before any conclusions can be drawn about a causal link between childhood abuse victimization and addiction-like overeating.


However, if enough evidence of this association accumulates, the next step will be to find ways to reduce the risk of addiction-like overeating among women who experienced childhood abuse.


“Women with histories of trauma who show a propensity toward uncontrolled eating could potentially be referred for prevention programs, while obese women might be screened for early trauma and addiction-like eating so that any psychological impediments to weight loss could be addressed,” said Mason.


“Of course, preventing childhood abuse in the first place would be the best strategy of all, but in the absence of a perfect child abuse prevention strategy, it is important that we try to head off its negative long-term health consequences,” she added.


Source: Wiley


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Children Learn When Adults Imitate Them

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World of Psychology





Children Learn When Adults Imitate Them



Children Learn When Adults Imitate ThemChildren often mimic each other, with one repeating everything the other says. Young children may concur with an older sibling’s every decision. Although it’s usually a way to tease another, on the whole, imitation seems to have a positive social impact.


Parents also imitate their children in a playful way. We tend to think of people who imitate us (maybe not in the annoying way a younger sibling does) as being “like us” or “one of us.” On the other hand, when observing an interaction, the person who mirrors actions can be perceived as a follower, and the other person is perceived as a leader or an expert. In other words, imitation also can have a negative social impact under some circumstances.


It turns out that imitation can influence what preschoolers prefer and maybe even whom they trust.



Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology introduced 5- and 6-year old children to two confederates: one person imitated all of the children’s choices and another did not.


Half of the children met the adults in a scenario where they chose their favorite animal out of three unfamiliar animals such as an echidnae. One adult agreed with (mimicked) the children, and the other did not. The other half of the children were asked a question about three different unfamiliar animals. The answer was not obvious by looking at the picture (e.g., which animal has a poisonous spine?), thus children had to choose an animal at random. The mimicking adult selected the same answer as the child, whereas the non-mimic chose another picture.


In both scenarios, children were introduced to someone who mimicked their preference or “knowledge” of factual claims and one adult who did not. Over, Carpenter, Spears, and Gattis (2013) wanted to know whether these interactions would influence children’s future preferences and choices.


The first question was whether children tended to share preferences with someone who previously imitated them. Children watched the two adults choose a “favorite” box, and play with an object inside. When asked which box they preferred, the children were more likely to choose the box that the mimicking adult selected.


To explore whether children are more likely to trust an individual who imitated them previously, children took part in a labeling activity. The adults gave the same nonsense label, “Danu,” to two different unfamiliar objects. Children were asked which object they thought was the “Danu.” Again, children were more likely to choose the object labeled by the adult who previously mimicked them over the adult who did not.


Interestingly, the type of situation under which the children were imitated did not matter. Regardless of whether the adult previously imitated a preference or an answer to a factual claim, children preferred the same box and selected the object labeled by the mimicking adult. In this particular situation, children did think that the adult mimicking them was more knowledgeable than the other adult.


The findings, which are published in Social Development, are presented as further evidence that imitation is a type of social influence and preschoolers, like adults, prefer and trust individuals who mirror their behaviors and preferences.


It is yet to be determined if children would respond the same way if the person imitating them was a same-aged peer, or someone they have a relationship with, such as a sibling.





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Wednesday, May 29, 2013

Wedding Fashion: How to Wear a Short Wedding Dress

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Relationship Tips and Advice





Wedding Fashion: How to Wear a Short Wedding Dress



Every bride deserves a gown that can make them look and feel beautiful on their wedding day. Here’s how to look your best on a short wedding dress.



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The Road to an Amicable Divorce

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Relationship Tips and Advice





The Road to an Amicable Divorce



Getting a divorce but don't want it to become a war of the roses? These are some things you should consider so you can divorce peacefully and amicably.



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